What is Arduino?

Arduino is a microcontroller board that enables users to build electronic projects easily. It is widely used for robotics, automation, and IoT applications.

Types of Arduino Boards:

• Arduino Uno (Most commonly used)

• Arduino Mega (More I/O pins for complex projects)

• Arduino Nano (Compact and useful for small projects)

• Arduino Leonardo (Has built-in USB communication)

• Download the Arduino IDE from Arduino's official website.

• Install the software and open it.

• Connect your Arduino board to your PC via USB.

• Select the correct board (Tools > Board > Arduino Uno).

• Select the correct COM port (Tools > Port > COMx).

The Arduino IDE consists of the following:

• Code Editor - Where you write the program (sketch).

• Verify Button - Checks for errors in your code.

• Upload Button - Uploads code to the Arduino board.

• Serial Monitor - Displays messages from the board.

The "Hello World" of Arduino:

This program makes an LED blink every second.

void setup() {
    pinMode(13, OUTPUT);  // Set Pin 13 as output
}

void loop() {
    digitalWrite(13, HIGH); // Turn LED on
    delay(1000); // Wait for a second
    digitalWrite(13, LOW);  // Turn LED off
    delay(1000); // Wait for a second
}

Every Arduino program has two main functions:

• setup(): Runs once when the Arduino starts.

• loop(): Repeats continuously after setup().

Analog and Digital pins programming

Digital pins can be HIGH (1) or LOW (0), while analog pins read sensor values (0 to 1023).

void setup() {
    Serial.begin(9600);
}

void loop() {
    int sensorValue = analogRead(A0);
    Serial.println(sensorValue);
    delay(500);
}

Serial Communication in Arduino

The Serial Monitor is used to send and receive data from the Arduino.

void setup() {
    Serial.begin(9600);
}

void loop() {
    Serial.println("Hello, Arduino!");
    delay(1000);
}

Interfacing Sensors and Actuators

Example 1: Reading Data from a Temperature Sensor

int sensorPin = A0;

void setup() {
    Serial.begin(9600);
}

void loop() {
    float temperature = analogRead(sensorPin) * (5.0 / 1023.0) * 100;
    Serial.println(temperature);
    delay(1000);
}

Example 2: Controlling a Servo Motor

#include <Servo.h>

Servo myServo;

void setup() {
    myServo.attach(9);
}

void loop() {
    myServo.write(90);  // Move to 90 degrees
    delay(1000);
    myServo.write(0);   // Move to 0 degrees
    delay(1000);
}

Common Errors:

• Missing semicolon (;)

• Incorrect COM Port selection

• Board Not Recognized (install drivers if needed)